Steel industry is a major contributor to the global economy but generates significant amounts of residues. Most are valorised by internal recycling or external use. Significant amounts of carbon and iron units cannot be recycled because the zinc content in the dust and sludge is too high for steelmaking, yet too low and contaminated with impurities to be processed by zinc producers The...
The iron and steel industry is widely recognized as a hard-to-abate sector due to its high energy demand and reliance on high-temperature processes. While significant attention is often devoted to primary steelmaking routes, secondary systems such as coke ovens also play a crucial role in overall energy efficiency and environmental performance. In this context, the optimization of refractory...
Transition towards fossil-free iron and steel production increases the role of electric arc furnaces (EAF), whereas the role of blast furnaces (BF) decreases. This has drawn an increasing attention towards the valorisation of EAF slags with the target in the high value applications such as supplementary cementitious materials (SCM). This is supported not only by the declining production of the...