Nitrogen is one of the most influential interstitial elements in steel, as it substantially alters mechanical properties through solid-solution strengthening. While elevated nitrogen levels enhance tensile and yield strengths, it simultaneously reduces elongation and promotes strain aging, thereby degrading formability. However, in the Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) process, nitrogen from the...
The European steel industry is urged to achieve CO₂‑free production by 2050, as the iron and steel industry is a major contributor to global anthropogenic CO2 emissions and thus to global warming. The transformation of steelmaking will require established processes, such as the Electric Arc Furnace (EAF), and novel technologies, including Hydrogen Plasma Smelting Reduction (HPSR) and the...
Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) steelmaking is increasingly central to modern steel production due to its ability to operate with low-carbon feedstocks and flexible charging strategies, yet its behaviour is far from steady-state. Energy input, oxygen lancing, carbon for slag foaming, flux additions, continuous slag removal and semi-continuous charging interact throughout the heat, making the...
The global steel industry`s transition toward low-carbon ironmaking is driving the expanded utilization of direct reduced iron (DRI) and hot briquetted iron (HBI). During the DRI process, carburization occurs concurrently with iron ore reduction in gas mixtures containing CO-H2-CH4, and it is critical for reducing the melting point of the product, thereby enhancing the energy efficiency and...
Natural chromite ores can be classified into high-grade, sub-grade and low-grade chromium ore regarding the concentration of Cr2O3. All categories of chromium ores are available for ferroalloy production. Around 80%-90% of ferrochrome (FeCr) which yields from the energy intensive carbothermic smelting of chromium ore is consumed by the production of stainless steel. Stainless steel is widely...
The European Green Deal and its consequences represent a disruptive change in steelmaking as the iron and steel industry contributes up to 7 % of total European greenhouse gas emissions. The goal to reach CO2-neutrality until 2050 requires a variety of new technologies such as direct reduction using hydrogen. Since the availability of both facilities as well as green hydrogen will not be...