Ammonia (NH3) has emerged as a promising low-CO2 reductant for ironmaking, attracting growing interest in recent years. Unlike hydrogen, ammonia provides practical benefits for long-distance transport and storage, including a much lower liquefaction temperature and a higher volumetric hydrogen density that minimises losses during handling. Our previous thermodynamic evaluation demonstrated...
Several European steelmakers currently plan to transform integrated steel mills based on the BF-BOF route towards the DRI/HBI-EAF/ESF routes of steelmaking. This planned transformation goes hand in hand with the need to optimise the new process routes in order to produce the same high-quality products on these different and, for the steelworks concerned, new process routes.
The optimization...
Electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking represents a critical pathway toward achieving carbon neutrality in the steel industry by 2050, as it significantly reduces CO₂ emissions compared to blast furnace and basic oxygen furnace processes. However, the localized heating from the electric arc limits the stirring efficiency of molten steel, necessitating enhanced mixing strategies. Bottom blowing...
Tata Steel Netherlands (TSN) produces approximately 7 million tonnes of steel annually, which is equivalent to the national consumption, resulting in about 12 million tonnes of CO₂ emissions per year, which accounts for around 7% of the Dutch total. Nearly 90% of these emissions originate from producing hot metal in blast furnaces.
To reduce emissions by 70% by 2035, TSN, under the Groeien...